Season the thinly sliced chicken breasts with salt, pepper, and Cajun seasoning. Set up a breading station with flour, beaten eggs, and panko breadcrumbs mixed with grated Parmesan cheese.
Dip each piece of seasoned chicken into the flour, then into the beaten eggs, and finally coat it with the panko-Parmesan mixture.
In a large skillet, heat the oil over medium-high heat. Add the breaded chicken pieces and cook for about 4-5 minutes on each side until golden brown and cooked through. Transfer to a paper towel-lined plate.
In the same skillet, add the olive oil and sauté the minced garlic, sliced mushrooms, chopped red and yellow bell peppers, and diced onion until tender, about 5-7 minutes. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
In a medium pot, melt the butter over medium heat. Stir in the tablespoon of flour to create a roux, cooking for about 1 minute. Gradually whisk in the heavy cream and chicken broth and bring to a simmer.
Add the cooked bowtie pasta, 1 cup of Parmesan cheese, and Cajun seasoning to the sauce. Mix until well incorporated. Add the sautéed vegetables and stir until fully combined.
Plate the creamy pasta mixture and top with the crispy chicken. Garnish with additional grated Parmesan and a sprinkle of cayenne pepper if desired.