Preheat oven to 350°F. Line a 9x5-inch loaf pan with parchment paper, leaving an overhang on two opposite long sides to lift the brownies out later. Do not grease the pan.
If your 1/4 cup (2 oz) unsalted butter is not yet melted, melt it and let it cool until it is warm but not hot.
In a medium bowl whisk together 1/2 cup (100g) granulated sugar, the cooled melted 1/4 cup (2 oz) unsalted butter, 1 large egg, and 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract until smooth and combined.
Add 3 tablespoons (15g) unsweetened cocoa powder (sift if lumpy), 1/4 cup (30g) all-purpose flour, 1/8 teaspoon baking powder, and 1/8 teaspoon salt to the bowl. Stir gently until just combined and no large streaks of dry ingredients remain.
Transfer the batter to the prepared loaf pan and spread it evenly with a spatula or knife so it mostly covers the bottom of the pan.
In a small bowl whisk together 1 tablespoon (.5 oz) unsalted butter (melted), 2 tablespoons (15g) powdered sugar, 3 tablespoons smooth peanut butter, 1/8 teaspoon vanilla extract, and a pinch of salt until smooth and combined.
Drop the peanut butter mixture by spoonfuls (about 6–8 dollops) evenly over the brownie batter.
With a small knife, swirl the peanut butter into the batter: draw three parallel lengthwise lines down the long side of the pan through the dollops, then drag the knife in an “S” shape across those lines to create a marbled swirl. Work gently—do not fully blend.
Bake in the preheated 350°F oven for 22 to 25 minutes, until a toothpick inserted into a non-peanut-butter section near the center comes out with just a few moist crumbs.
Remove the pan from the oven and set it on a cooling rack. Cool in the pan for at least 15 minutes.
Use the parchment overhang to lift the brownies from the pan, slice, and serve.