Preheat oven to 325°F. Spray a 9x13-inch baking pan with nonstick cooking spray and set aside.
In a medium bowl, whisk together 2 1/8 cups all-purpose flour, 1/2 teaspoon baking soda, and 1/2 teaspoon salt. Set dry mixture aside.
In the bowl of a stand mixer (or a large bowl with a hand mixer), combine 12 tablespoons melted unsalted butter (cooled to room temperature), 1 cup packed brown sugar, and 1/2 cup granulated sugar. Mix on medium speed until the sugars are fully moistened and combined.
Add 1 large egg, 1 egg yolk, and 2 teaspoons vanilla extract to the butter-sugar mixture. Mix until smooth and uniform.
With the mixer on low speed, gradually add the dry flour mixture and mix just until combined; do not overmix.
Fold in 1 cup butterscotch chips with a spatula until evenly distributed.
Press about half of the dough evenly into the prepared pan, using an offset spatula or oiled hands to smooth the surface.
Drizzle 1/2 cup salted caramel sauce evenly over the pressed dough.
Drop the remaining dough by spoonfuls over the caramel, then gently spread and press it to cover the caramel as evenly as possible. It’s okay if some caramel peeks through.
Sprinkle the top lightly with sea salt to taste.
Bake for 30–35 minutes, or until the top is light golden brown and the edges begin to pull away from the pan.
Remove from the oven and transfer the pan to a wire rack. Cool the blondies in the pan to room temperature before cutting into squares.